steShvapyayamek ev bhUtArthaH . pramANa.n tAvatparokSha.n pratyakSha.n cha . tatropAttAnupAttaparadvAreN pravartamAna.n parokSha.n, kevalAtmapratiniyatatven pravartamAna.n pratyakSha.n cha . tadubhayamapi pramAtR^ipramANaprameyabhedasyAnubhUy- mAnatAyA.n bhUtArtham, ath cha vyudastasamastabhedaikajIvasvabhAvasyAnubhUyamAnatAyAmabhUtArtham . nayastu dravyArthikaH paryAyArthikashcha . tatra dravyaparyAyAtmake vastuni dravya.n mukhyatayAnubhAvayatIti dravyArthikaH, paryAya.n mukhyatayAnubhAvayatIti paryAyArthikaH . tadubhayamapi dravyaparyAyayoH paryAyeNAnubhUyamAnatAyA.n bhUtArtham, ath cha dravyaparyAyAnAlIDhashuddhavastumAtrajIvasvabhAvasyAnubhUyamAnatAyAmabhUtArtham . nikShepastu nAm sthApanA dravya.n bhAvashcha . tatrAtadguNe vastuni sa.nj~nAkaraNa.n nAm . so.ayamityanyatra pratinidhi- vyavasthApana.n sthApanA . vartamAnatatparyAyAdanyad dravyam . vartamAnatatparyAyo bhAvaH . tachchatuShTaya.n abhUtArtha hai.n, uname.n bhI AtmA ek hI bhUtArtha hai (kyo.nki j~ney aur vachanake bhedo.nse pramANAdi anek bhedarUp hote hai.n) . uname.nse pahale, pramAN do.n prakArake hai.n — parokSha aur pratyakSha . 1upAtta aur kare so pratyakSha hai . (pramAN j~nAn hai . vah pA.Nch prakArakA hai — mati, shrut, avadhi, manaHparyay aur keval . uname.nse mati aur shrutaj~nAn parokSha hai.n, avadhi aur manaHparyayaj~nAn vikal-pratyakSha hai.n aur kevalaj~nAn sakal-pratyakSha hai . isaliye yah do prakArake pramAN hai.n .) ve dono.n pramAtA, pramAN, prameyake bhedakA anubhav karanepar to bhUtArtha hai.n, satyArtha hai.n; aur jisame.n sarva bhed gauN ho gaye hai.n aise ek jIvake svabhAvakA anubhav karanepar ve abhUtArtha hai.n, asatyArtha hai.n .
nay do prakArake hai.n — dravyArthik aur paryAyArthik . vahA.n dravya-paryAyasvarUp vastume.n dravyakA mukhyatAse anubhav karAye so dravyArthik nay hai aur paryAyakA mukhyatAse anubhav karAye so paryAyArthik nay hai . yah dono.n nay dravya aur paryAyakA paryAyase (bhedase, kramase) anubhav karane par to bhUtArtha hai.n, satyArtha hai.n; aur dravya tathA paryAy dono.nse anAli.ngit (Ali.ngan nahI.n kiyA huA) shuddhavastumAtra jIvake (chaitanyamAtra) svabhAvakA anubhav karanepar ve abhUtArtha hai.n, asatyArtha hai.n .
nikShepake chAr bhed hai.n — nAm, sthApanA, dravya aur bhAv . vastume.n jo guN na ho us guNake nAmase (vyavahArake lie) vastukI sa.nj~nA karanA so nAm nikShep hai . ‘yah vah hai’ isaprakAr anya vastume.n anya vastukA pratinidhitva sthApit karanA ( – pratimArUp sthApan karanA) so sthApanA nikShep hai . vartamAnase anya arthAt atIt athavA anAgat paryAyase vastuko vartamAname.n kahanA so dravya
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2anupAtta par (padArtho.n) dvArA pravarte vah parokSha hai aur keval AtmAse hI pratinishchitarUpase pravR^itti
1. upAtta=prApta . (indriy, man ityAdi upAtta padArtha hai.n .)
2. anupAtta=aprApta . (prakAsh, upadesh ityAdi anupAtta par padArtha hai.n .)